The Potential of Gliricidia sepium Plant Extract as Antibacterial and Antifungal: A Review



Abstract Views
1046

Downloads
615

Citations

Share

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##

Submitted Feb 1, 2023
Published Jun 8, 2023
10.24018/ejvetmed.2023.3.3.95

Abstract viewed = 1046 times

Table of Contents

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

resistances against the most recurrently used antibiotics, have kept the medical industry in searching for new sources of compounds with antimicrobial activity. One resource that is considered to be a cache of various bioactive compounds are plants and along with different studies regarding traditional health care practices have led researchers to the tree Gliricidia sepium. It is a leguminous tree believed to have a number of benefits among the ethnic groups in South and Southeast Asia as well as Central and South America. With this premise, G. sepium has been a focus of in-vitro antimicrobial studies to describe and measure its extract's potency against commonly infective microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These studies have returned with promising results capable of competing with antibiotics like ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, and tobramycin and antifungal such as amphotericin-B. To justify the antimicrobial activity of G. sepium, several of these studies performed subsequent phytochemical analysis which identified different complex chemicals like tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids which are historically linked with antimicrobial activity. The results of the different tests performed establish G. sepium as a good alternative for antimicrobials.

Keywords: alternative antimicrobial activity Gliricidia sepium phytochemical analysis traditional health care

References

  1. Jones KE, Levy MA, Patel NG, Storeygard A, Balk D, Gittleman JL, Daszak P. Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature. 2008; 451: 990-993.
     Google Scholar
  2. United States Agency for International Development, USAID. One health and antimicrobial resistance. [Internet]. 2018. [updated 2018 Nov] [cited 2022 July 13]. Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/global-health-newsletter/antimicrobial-resistance.
     Google Scholar
  3. Jamshidi-Kia F, Lorigooini Z, Amini-Khoei H. Medicinal plants: Past history and future perspective. J. Herbmed Pharmacol. 2017; 7: 1-7.
     Google Scholar
  4. World Health Organisation. Summary of WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines. Herbal Gram. 1993; 28: 13-14.
     Google Scholar
  5. Greenwell M, Rahman PKSM. Medicinal plants: Their use in anticancer treatment. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015; 6(10): 4103-4112.
     Google Scholar
  6. Rondilla NA, Rocha ICN, Roque SJ, Lu RM, Apolinar NLB, Solaiman-Balt AA, et al. Folk Medicine in the Philippines: A phenomenological study of health-seeking individuals. Int J Med Stud. 2021; 9(1): 25-32.
     Google Scholar
  7. Tantengco OG, Condes MC, Estadilla HT, Ragragio EM. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines. Pharmacognosy J. 2018; 10(5): 859-870.
     Google Scholar
  8. Ezcurra E. Chapter 10: Fabaceae. University of California, Riverside. 2013.
     Google Scholar
  9. Macêdo MJF, Ribeiro DA, Santos MO, Macêdo DG, Macedo JGF, Almeida BV, et al. Fabaceae medicinal flora with therapeutic potential in Savanna areas in the Chapada do Araripe, Northeastern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 2018; 28(6): 738-750.
     Google Scholar
  10. Rabena AR. Traditional practices on the utilization of Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp.) for sustainable development in the Philippines. In IUFRO, Sustainable Forest Management and Poverty Alleviation: Roles of Traditional Forest-related Knowledge Vienna, Austria: IUFRO Headquarters, 2008: 146- 149.
     Google Scholar
  11. Jose B, Reddy L. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of the leaf and flower essential oils of Gliricidia sepium from South India. Int. J. Appl. Pharm. 2010; 2: 20- 22.
     Google Scholar
  12. Abdulaziz AA, Dapar MG, Manting ME, Torres MJ, Aranas AT, Mindo RR, et al. Qualitative evalution of the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and medically important phytochemical constituents of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. Pharmacophore. 2019; 10: 72-83.
     Google Scholar
  13. Cherian T, Thambi M. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of Gliricidia sepium and its antimicrobial properties. The Pharma Innovation J. 2019; 8: 594-596.
     Google Scholar
  14. Guzman LS. Non-experimental validation of the effectiveness of ethnoveterinary botanical medicine (EVB-M) materials used in the municipality of Echague Isabela. J. Agri. Tech. 2015; 11(8): 2377-2389
     Google Scholar
  15. Sreesha KS, Danya U. Evaluation of preliminary phytochemical, antioxidant, and in vitro cytotoxic studies of ethnotherapeutically important tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud. (Fabaceae). Int. J. Creative Res. Thoughts. 2021; 9: 5515-5521.
     Google Scholar
  16. Feng T, Liu S, He XJ. Molecular authentication of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Angelica sinensis based on internal transcribed spacer of nrDNA. Elect. J. Biotech. 2010; 13(1).
     Google Scholar
  17. Kolawole OM, Joseph AK, George OA. Antibacterial and phytochemical activity of Gliricidia sepium against poultry pathogens. Microbiol. Res. J. Int. 2018; 24: 1-10.
     Google Scholar
  18. Abulude FO, Adebote VT. Antibacterial investigation of crude extracts of the root bark of Gliricidia sepium. Cont. J. Microbiology. 2009; 3: 23-26.
     Google Scholar
  19. Ang AG, Enot MM, Baltazar GD, Alinapon CV, Buncales EO, Barbosa GB. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the leaf ethanolic extracts of Tithonia diversofilia and Gliricidia sepium from Bukidnon, Philippines. Asian J. Bio. Life Sci. 2019; 8: 8-15.
     Google Scholar
  20. Sunder J, Kundu A, Jeyakumar S, De AK. In-Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Gliricidia sepium leaf Extracts. Anim. Sci. Report. 2012; 6: 8-14.
     Google Scholar
  21. Mathur A, Bhat R, Prasad G, Dua V, Verma SK, Agarwal PK. Antimicrobial activity of plants traditionally used as medicine against some pathogens. Rasayan J. Chem. 2010; 3: 615-620.
     Google Scholar
  22. Perez GS, Zavala SMA, Arias GL, Perez GC, Perez GRM. Antimicrobial study of bark from five tree species. Phytotherapy Res. 2001;15: 356-359.
     Google Scholar
  23. Rojas JJ, Ochoa VJ, Ocampo SA, Munoz JF. Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections. BMC Compement. Altern Med. 2006; 6(2).
     Google Scholar
  24. Oladunmoye MK, Ayantola KJ, Agboola AA, Olowe BM, Adefemi OG. Antibacterial and ftir spectral analysis of methanolic extract of Gliricidia sepium leaves. J. Adv. Microbiol. 2018; 9: 1-10.
     Google Scholar
  25. Akharaiyi FC, Boboye B, Adetuyi FC. Antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts of Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata. World Appl. Sci. J. 2012; 16: 523-530.
     Google Scholar
  26. Garcia JS, Borja N, Sevilla-Nastor JB, Villanueva JD, Peyraube N. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants and perceptions on plant biodiversity conservation in Leyte, Philippines. J. Human Eco. 2018; 26-42.
     Google Scholar
  27. Gruyal GA, del Rosario R, Palmes ND. Ethnomedicinal plants used by residents in Northern Surigao del Sur, Philippines. Nat Prod Chem Res. 2014; 2(4).
     Google Scholar
  28. Balancod TD, Balangcod AD. Ethnomedical knowledge of plants and healthcare practices among the Kalanguya tribe in Tinoc, Ifugao, Luzon, Philippines. Indian J. Traditional Knowledge. 2011; 10: 227-238.
     Google Scholar
  29. Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of medicinal plants: Basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci. 2020; 12: 1-10.
     Google Scholar
  30. Xiang H, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GIN, Cui C, Ruan Z. Fermentation-enabled wellness foods: A fresh perspective. Food Sci. and Human Wellness. 2019; 8(3): 203-243.
     Google Scholar
  31. Oliveira-Alves SC, Andrade F, Prazeres I, Silva AB, Capelo J, Duarte B, et al. Impact of drying processes on the nutritional composition, volatile profile, phytochemical content and bioactivity of Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021; 10(8): 1312.
     Google Scholar
  32. Maulion RV, Matira JI, Fanoga KM, Marasigan MC, Dimaculangan MC. Modelling and optimization of microwave assisted extraction of total phenolics in Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) as pesticide against black bean aphids (Aphis fabae). Malaysian J. Analytical Sci. 2021; 25: 1081-1094.
     Google Scholar
  33. Handa SS, Khanuja SP, Longo G, Rakesh DD. Extraction Technologies for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Trieste, Italy: Int. Centre Sci. High Tech. 2008.
     Google Scholar
  34. Pierik R. Sterilization of plant material. In: In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants Springer, Dordecht. 1997: 89- 94.
     Google Scholar
  35. Kalra YP. Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis Group. 1998.
     Google Scholar
  36. Nazli R, Akhter M, Ambreen S, Solangi AH, Sultana N. Insecticidal, nematicidal, and antibacterial activities of Gliricidia sepium. Pak. J. Bot. 2008; 40: 2625-2629.
     Google Scholar
  37. Kumar NS, Simon N. In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Gliricida sepium (L.) leaf extracts. J. Pharm. Phytochem. 2016; 5: 131-133.
     Google Scholar
  38. Dalynn Biologicals. McFarland Standard. 2014.
     Google Scholar
  39. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J. Pharm. Anal. 2016; 2: 71-79.
     Google Scholar
  40. Othman L, Sleiman A, Abdel-Massih RM. antimicrobial activity of polyphenols and alkaloids in middle eastern plants. Front Microbiol. 2019; 10.
     Google Scholar
  41. Coppo, E., Marchese, A. Antibacterial activity of polyphenols. Curr Pharm. Biotechnol. 2014; 15: 380-390.
     Google Scholar
  42. Cowan M. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol. Rev. 1999; 12: 564-582.
     Google Scholar
  43. Bhatta R, Vijay-Kumar M, Khub S. Energy expenditure in crossbred cattle fed paddy straw of different forms. Asian-Australian J. Anim. Sci. 2006; 9: 1755-1760.
     Google Scholar
  44. Banso A, Adeyemo SO. Evaluation of antibacterial properties of tannins isolated from Dichrostachys cinerea. African J. Biotech. 2007; 6: 1785-1787.
     Google Scholar
  45. Chattopadhyay D, Maiti K, Kundu A, Chakraborty M, Bhadra R, Maudal S, et al. Antibacterial activity of Alstonia macrophylla: A folklore of bay islands. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001; 77: 49-55.
     Google Scholar
  46. Rao K, Venkatachalam S. Inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase and cell growth activity by the phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids pergularinine and tylophorinidine: the in vitro cytotoxicity of these plant alkaloids and their potential as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Toxicol In Vitro. 2000; 14: 53-59.
     Google Scholar
  47. Tominaga K, Higuchi K, Hamasaki N, Hamaguchi M, Takashima T, Tanigawa T. In vivo action of novel alkyl methyl quinolone alkaloids against Helicobacter pylori. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2002; 50: 547-552.
     Google Scholar
  48. Alhanout K, Malesinki S, Vidal N, Peyrot V, Rolain J, Brunel J. New insights into the antibacterial mechanism of action of squalamine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 2010; 65: 1688-1693.
     Google Scholar
  49. Reddy L, Jose B. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of the Bark, Flower, and Leaf Extracts of Gliricidia sepium from South India. Int. J. Current Pharm. Res. 2010; 2: 18-20.
     Google Scholar
  50. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Determining Bactericidal Activity of Antimicrobial Agents; Approved Guideline. Philadelphia, USA: CLSI. 1999.
     Google Scholar